![]() The vertebral arch is subdivided into right and left dorsl portion, the laminae, and ventral parts, the pedicles. Adjacent vertebral bodies are connected by intervertebral disks that composed of outer concentric layers of dense fibrocartilaginous tissue (anulus fibrosus) and inner soft center (nucleus pulposus). The body of a vertebra is convex cranially and concave caudally. The vertebral formula for the dog is C7T13L7S3Cd20.Īll typical vertebrae consist of a body, vertebral arch and three different processes. For each rib, there are two separate articulations - costovertebral and costotransverse.The vertebral column consists of five groups of vertebrae: cervical (C), thoracic (T), lumbar (L), sacral (S) and caudal (Cd) vertebrae. The articulations between the vertebrae and the ribs are unique to the thoracic spine. ![]()
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